Patient Billing Essay Example for Free

Patient Billing Essay Patient billing System is very important. These are collections of information’s about a patient’s health history. Doctors and the others personnel of the hospital like nurses write is medical records so that they can used the information’s again when the patient’s come back to the hospital. It is job of patient’s registry records works to make sure that the information is intact and available anytime when the patient returns to the hospital. Many hospitals in India still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for  managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient billing software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system. Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. * A patient can be categorized as â€Å"In patient† or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is In Patient, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times Administrator will have complete control of the system. She/he can Add/Edit/Delete patients, Add/Edit/Delete Doctors, Add/Edit/Delete Beds, Search for patients, Assign patients to doctors. Doctor can access a patient’s record and update his observations about the patient in that particular visit. ABOUT BILLING: Hospital bill for inpatient will include a room charge, which covers room, meals, nursing care, housekeeping, maintenance, medical records and admitting services. Bill will also include itemized charges for specific ancillary services such as laboratory, medications, X-rays and use of the operating room, surgical day care, recovery room, physical therapy and other services. Hospital bill for outpatient will include consultation charges and also include itemized charges. Bill will not include visits by physician and fees for radiology (interpretation of X-rays), anesthesiology, emergency medicine, surgery, and other professional services and consultations provided by physicians. These will be billed separately by the physician. EXISTING SYSTEM: The existing system of the patient billing is completely manual. The secretary or the receptionist will write patient information into a medical  form. The clinician takes the medical history of the patient, writes diagnosis and treatment on the form. The Clinician sometimes can refer the patient to the laboratory for medical test before diagnosis depending on the situation of the patient. All the patient form are collected and kept in the filling cabinet for follow up check and future use Disadvantages of Existing system: * The existing system needs to save patients information in the form of excel sheets. * The manual system gives us very less security for saving data. * Some data may be lost due to mismanagement. * Searching of particular room vacancy information is very critical where it takes lot of time. * This system is not having the facility of tracking transfers of patients from the general ward to the ICU and vice versa. * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * The existing system is Less user friendly Proposed system: The modern computerized system is developed with the aim to overcome the drawbacks of existing system. The proposed system has got many advantages. It will improve the keeping of medical records of the patient, can handle data efficiently, more accurate in filling and retrieving of records. Since the necessary data is available in one place and the computer is able to manipulate it like sorting, stratifying, then the reports are easy to make unlike using the manual system. The Proposed system directly maps on database and its focuses in adding, searching, modifying, printing and saving of the medical history/ diagnosis of the patient. †¢ This system can provide the information about the patient based on the ward number whether the patient is either in the general ward or the ICU immediately. †¢ By using this system we can prepare all bills pending to be paid by a patient before the patients discharge which is computerized. Advantages of proposed system: * User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. * The system makes much easier and flexible. * Readily upload the latest updates. * There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level. * It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. * We can keep a track of all beds occupied / free in both the ward and the ICU by using this system. * We can keep track of all transfers of patients from the general ward to the ICU and vice versa. * This system is providing the facility of viewing all information about patients details, their admit time and the amount to be paid based on the treatment given and the ward selected. * We can register all the patient details like the amount to be paid / any balance remaining, the ward number, the bed number, the registration number, case number etc. as soon as a new patient is joined in the hospital MODULES: 1. Search module 2. Appointment module 3. Bill generation module 4. Payment module 5. Security authentication module 6. Reports module 1. Search module: This module facilitates the receptionist for searching about the patients past history, availability of Doctors their timings, Doctors details also about the doctors movement from one branch to another branch. This module keep a track of all beds occupied /free in both the ward and the ICU. Keep a track of all transfers of patients from the general ward to the ICU and vice versa. We can also view the patient details like the ward number, the bed number, the registration number, case number etc. It also help the patient for searching the branches details of the hospital, timings of the hospital, availability of the Doctors their timings, availability of the appointments etc. 2. Appointment module: This module is dealing with assigning a doctor to each patient before the patient meets the doctor based on their availability. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time 3. Bill generation module: This module is dealing with generation of the bills for inpatient which contains the details of all patients, their admit time and the amount to be paid based on the treatment given and the ward selected. We can also view the patient details like amount to be paid / any balance remaining etc. This module also deals with the generation of the bills for outpatient which contains consultation fees. The bill may include itemized charges for specific ancillary services such as laboratory, medications, X-rays and use of the operating room, surgical day care, recovery room, physical therapy and other services. separate bill will be generated for radiology (interpretation of X-rays), anesthesiology, emergency medicine, surgery, and other professional services etc. 4. Payment module: This module is dealing with the payment of bill through the credit card or cash. 5.Security and Authentication: * Login as Receptionist or administrator * Change password * Forgot Password 6. Reports: In this Module, Different actors can generate the different types of Reports according to their access. FEASIBILITY STUDY: Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the technical, operational and economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. These are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation. 1. Technical feasibility 2. Operational feasibility 3. Economical feasibility Technical Feasibility: The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: * Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? * Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? * Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? * Can the system be upgraded if developed? * Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hardware requirements for the development of this project are not many and are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY: Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: * Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? * Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? * Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So, there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY: A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good Investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies, there is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: Operating system:Windows XP Browser:Internet Explorer 5.5 User Interface:HTML, CSS Client side scripting:JavaScript Programming Language:Java Web Applications:JDBC, JSP Database:Oracle10g Connection:TCP/IP Protocol:HTTP,SMTP,POP3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Processor:Pentium IV Hard Disk:Minimum 40GB RAM:512MB or more

The Design Of Toughened Glass Columns Physical Education Essay

The Design Of Toughened Glass Columns Physical Education Essay Glass has clinched the attention of engineers and architects in recent years despite its brittle nature. As well as its aesthetic allure, the increasing knowledge of this material allows structural boundaries to be pushed and endless possibilities to arise. Glass facades, beams, and stairs are some of the structures that have been explored with. However, the prospect of using a glass column as a structural component, as opposed to an ornamental role, is of increasing interest. Various structural glass types are available and have proven to be sufficient, but toughened glass reigns as the strongest type, yet its capability to spontaneously shatter can also prove to be a liability. What is Glass? Glass is an inorganic, non-crystalline, solid, transparent material, renowned for its brittleness. Its molecular structure attributes to its brittleness, making it weak in tension (Chen; Lui, Ch.29) and without an ability to redistribute load or absorb impact energy. Potentially, glass is very strong, even exceeding the strength of structural steel. However, due to glass having fairly low fracture toughness, this is only achievable when glass contains no defects, as freshly drawn fibre might be (Rice; Dutton, 33). Glass does not yield, instead it fractures and its failure is stochastic, meaning that prediction for failure is based upon risk or statistics (ISE, 11). Glass does not adhere rigorously to stoichiometry as crystalline materials do, due to the ability to incrementally alter the properties of glass continuously by adding components/substances to modify its properties. For instance, adding potassium oxide to silica will change the glass properties (Clare, Ch.23). Although described as a solid, glass is rather a subset of the solid state. It is essentially an elastic solid below its transformation region, i.e. the glass transition state, and a liquid above it, glass has the attributes of a liquid apart from the ability to flow (Clare, Ch.23). There is a range of intricacies inherent within glass composition; this will later prove to greatly explain the complexities of glass behaviour. A Look at Glass Chemical and Physical Composition Unlike many other materials, glass consists of a geometrically irregular network of silicon and oxygen atoms, with alkaline parts in between (fig.1.4) (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 4). As glass is an inorganic product of fusion, it consists of a number of chemical components. The chemical composition of glass has a significant impact on glass viscosity, the melting temperature Ts and the thermal expansion coefficient ÃŽÂ ±T of glass (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 4). One of the main attributes of glass is its resistance to corrosion by acid and water (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). There is a vast variety of different types of glass, however, the most prevalent type of glass in construction (approximately 90%), is soda lime silica glass (Dewhurst Macfarlane and Partners), and for other special applications, borosilicate glass is used. However, depending on the purpose for the glass, other types are available, such as Lead glass, borosilicate glass, glass fibre, vitreous silica, alminosilicate g lass, alkali-barium silicate glass, technical glass, glass ceramics, optical glass and sealing glass, to name but a few (Glass Online). Borosilicate glass consists of mainly silica (70-80%) and boric oxide (7-13%) with small amounts of the alkalis (sodium and potassium oxides) and aluminium oxide. Borosilicate glass has a considerably low alkali content, and hence, has an appreciable level of chemical durability and shock resistance (Glass Online). The chemical components of soda lime glass are as follows: 70% 74% SiO2 (silica) 12% 16% Na2O (sodium oxide) 5% 11% CaO (calcium oxide) 1% 3% MgO (magnesium oxide) 1% 3% Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) (Glass Online) Regardless of the specific type, the main constituent of glass is silica sand (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). Sand alone can be used to make glass at a temperature of 1700oC; but the addition of other minerals and chemicals significantly lowers the melting temperature (Glass Online). For instance, the melting temperature for pure silica is approximately 1710oC, but it drops to 1300-1600oC through the addition of alkali (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 4). Glass consists of a network formers and modifiers Fig. 29.1. Silicon and oxygen ions are bonded together (formers) forming a three dimensional structural network of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium (modifiers) ions (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), known as soda ash, is added to create a mixture of 75% silica (SiO2) and 25% of sodium oxide (Na2O), which will reduce the temperature of fusion to about 800oC (Glass Online). However, this concoction means the glass is produces water glass, meaning it is water-soluble. To give the glass stability, chemicals such as (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are added; which is achieved by adding limestone, which results in a pure inert glass (Glass Online). The viscosity of the liquid glass during the cooling phase increases constantly until solidification is achieved at about 1014Pas. The temperature at solidification is called glass transition temperature Tg and is about 530oC for soda lime silica glass. Contrasting crystalline materials, the transition between liquid and solid states occurs over a particular temperature range, instead of a single precise temperature (Fig. 1.5, Table 1.3). Small amounts of iron oxides are responsible for the greenish colour of soda lime silica glass. A reduced iron oxide content results in an extra clear glass, which is known as low iron glass, and is readily available (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 6). Essentially, the composition of glass varies to appease a particular product and production method, which requires the raw materials to be weighed and mixed properly; as the consistency of the composition is vital in glass production (Glass Online). The essential physical properties of soda lime silica and borosilicate glass are summarised in Table 1.5. Optical properties depend on the thickness of the glass, the chemical composition, and the applied coatings. The most prominent of the glass properties, is its very high transparency within the visible range of wavelengths (ÃŽÂ »= 380-750nm). However, for different glass types, the exact profiles of non-transmitted radiation spectrum differ, but are in the wavelengths outside and near the infrared band (Fig. 1.6). A large percentage of UV radiation is absorbed as a result of O2 reaction in the glass, but long-wave infrared radiation (ÃŽÂ » The Making of Glass Essentially, glass is produced by rapid melt quenching of raw materials (reference); there are currently various methods by which glass is produced. The float process Fig 1.1 is the most practiced glass production method used today, which produces flat glass, attributing to 90% of the production worldwide. Although the steps vary, it is simply melting at 1600-1800oC, forming at 800-1600oC and cooling at 100-800 oC Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 1). The Pilkington Brothers introduced the float process in 1959. It has several advantages, such as low cost production, vast availability, superior optical quality, and allows for large stable glass panes to be manufactured. The production process is shown in Fig 1.2. Glass is produced by melted raw materials in a furnace at 1550oC. Subsequently, the molten glass is poured continuously at 1000oC on to a shallow pool of molten tin whose oxidation is prevented by inert atmosphere consisting of hydrogen and nitrogen. (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 2 ). The glass floats onto the tine and spreads forming a smooth flat surface, with an even thickness of 6-7mm; it gradually cools and is drawn onto rollers, then entered into a long oven called a lehr that is heated at a temperature of 600oC. The thickness of the glass can be controlled within a range of 2-25mm, through adjusting the speed of the roller, whereby, reducing the speed increases the glass thickness. The glass is slowly cooled to prevent residual stresses being induced in the glass, after annealing, automated machines inspect the glass to check for obvious defects and imperfections. The glass can then be cut to a standard size of 3.21mÃÆ'- 6.00m, and stored. A disadvantage that arises from this method is that there is a discrepancy between the two faces of a glass sheet. Apparent diffusion of tin atoms into the glass surface occurs on the tin side, which could influence the behaviour of this surface when it is glued. The mechanical strength on the air side is greater tha n on the tin side, which occurs because of the transport rollers interacting with the tin side in the cooling area. This interaction with the rollers can reduce the strength of the glass as it can create surface flaws (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 2). Fracture Mechanics in Glass As glass is unable to yield plastically ahead of fracture results in the fracture strength being highly sensitive to stress concentrations. To achieve accurate characterisation of the facture strength of glass, the nature and behaviour of the flaws must be integrated, as a result of surface flaws causing high stress concentrations (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 49). The stress of glass is time dependent; yet, humidity causes stress corrosion resulting in flaws slowly growing when bared to a positive crack opening stress. Essentially, this is when a glass element is stressed below its momentary strength, fails after the time needed for the critical flaw to grow to its critical size (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 49). These flaws are either inherent in the glass or a result of cutting, drilling, grinding, or an impact from the environment; humidity heightens the growth of cracks. Due to the cut edges in annealed glass being weaker than its flat surfaces, annealed glass beams are designed w ith lower stresses than glass plates. The onset of fast fracture is represented by this general equation: à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (à Ã¢â€š ¬a)= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (EGc) (ISE, 57) Where a is the half length of the crack, E is the Youngs Modulus and Gc is the toughness of the glass Gc has units of kJ/m2 and is the toughness of the glass, sometimes known as the critical strain energy release rate. The equation shows that fast fracture will happen when in a material subjected to a stress à Ã†â€™, a crack reaches some critical size a or alternatively, when material containing cracks of size a is subjected to some critical stress à Ã†â€™. This is a mathematical representation of the trend in annealed glass to be stronger under short-term loading rather than long term. The purpose of glass modification processes such as toughening and heat strengthening is to prevent glass from experiencing tension in surface to avoid crack growth, so that fracture mechanics calculations need not be considered Fig 5.3. Professor Inglis (1913) discovered that a slot, hole, or notch in a metal plate was likely to reduce strength by a greater value than that predicted from simply considering the reduction in tensile area. It was proven that the stress field near the discontinuity is exaggerated by an amount that is reliant upon the radius of curvature relative to its length perpendicular to the stress field. The discontinuities or randomly distributed flaws across the surface are known as Griffith Flaws. Griffith flaws are apparent on the surface of glass, but the strength of the glass is coinciding with the presence of visible defects, which is usually the origin of the cracks that occur under an applied tensile stress. Accidental contact can damage the edges of a glass plate more significantly than any other region of the glass. The deflection or bending of the glass is usually able to absorb the energy from an impact on a glass face but an edge impact is resisted by the full in-plane stiffness of t he glass plate or beam and produces greater damage impulse. Once load is applied, stresses develop and concentrate at the tips of flaws or cracks, which usually go undetected by the naked eye. Griffith claimed that crack propagation occurs if energy release on crack growth is adequate enough to supply all the energy that is needed for the growth of cracks. Mathematically this is stated as à Ã†â€™c=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡EGc/à Ã¢â€š ¬a Where à Ã†â€™c is the stress required to fracture a plate with a crack of length 2a, E is Youngs Modulus and Gc is the critical elastic energy release ratio or toughness of the glass, with units of energy per unit plate thickness and per unit crack extension. This expression signifies the occurrence of fast fracture when a material is under stress that results in a crack of the size a. It is maintained by some that glass is able to reverse crack damage, i.e. heal a microcrack, if it reverts back to an unstressed state. On the other hand, the surface condition of glass sheet alters each time it is cleaned due to new microcracks surfacing. Therefore, the notion of damage reversal is up to the engineer to decide whether it is reliable in design (ISE, 57). Over time, momentary strength of loaded glass decreases, even if only subjected to static loads. This is a quintessential concept to grasp for the structural use of glass, and was demonstrated by Grenet (1899). Flaw and glass properties, stress history and the crack velocity-stress intensity relationship govern the growth of a surface flaw (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 50). Structural Behaviour and Failure Characteristics of Glass Upon failure, glass does not yield, it fractures, and the failure is stochastic, meaning that the predicted failure is based on risk or statistical analysis (ISE, 11). However, glass is very strong, even stronger than steel. But the inherent low fracture toughness means that this optimum level of strength is only achievable when the glass is free from all defects. Ultimately, glass is brittle, without the ability to redistribute load or absorb energy (Rice; Dutton, 33). Due to the brittle nature of glass, it is important for the designer to have an insight into how the structure will behave if one or more of the glass elements fail; most importantly the safety implications should be assessed (ISE, 55). Fig 5.1 At low stress levels, the majority of materials tend to abide by Hooks law, in that stress and strain are proportional. Yet, a higher stress levels the material deforms plastically, but as glass is a brittle material, it simply fractures without warning instead. The mechanical properties of glass are displayed in Table 29.1 (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). The theoretical strength of glass is usually approximately a tenth of it elastic modulus. The density of the cracks rather than the theoretical breakage stress governs the failure stress of glass, whereby; glass compressive strength can reach a value of 10,000MPa, demonstrating that whilst in compression it is very strong. Conversely, in tension it fails, and this usually occurs when stress levels are less than 100MPa. It is the general consensus that glass failure originates from crack growth and surface flaws, where the stress is concentrated, as demonstrated in Fig 29.5 (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). To gain scope of how differently glass behaves relative to the most commonly used construction material, steel, is to observe the behaviour displayed in stress-strain curve: Glass molecular structure influences its mechanical properties, particularly its random irregular network of silicon and oxygen atoms. Its structure allows for no slip planes or dislocations so that macroscopic plastic flow transpires before fracture (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 49). Glass failure is most likely to be initiated by surface cracks, because these tend to have the worst geometries and are subjected to the highest stresses due to bending. If the loads to which the glass is subjected do not create enough surface tension to overcome the surface compression, no crack will propagate. Toughening, therefore, increases the effective strength and impact resistance of the glass. Should an external load overcome the precompression and cause a crack to propagated, then the stored energy due to prestress will cause the cracks to spread immediately in all directions and the pane of the glass will fragment explosively (Rice; Dutton, 33). Static fatigue of glass, also known as sub-criti cal crack growth is a phenomenon of glass. An applied sub critical stress causes cracks of flaws to slowly grow with time, until a length is reached, at this point the stress intensity at the crack tip reaches a critical value. Consequently, rapid fracture occurs due to the highly strained atomic bonds swiftly breaking at the crack tip. Stress corrosion is a term used to describe the relationship between the crack growth velocity and the stress intensity factor. Apart from applied stress, there are a number of factors that hasten slow crack growth, such as alkaline solutions and increasing temperature (ISE, 56). Plastic flow is not possible in glass, therefore when the glass surface is in a state of tension; the flaws produce high stress concentrations. The flaws are random and can take any path; therefore the failure strength can only be determined through statistical analysis. Therefore, the basis of risk of fracture of glass that is determined does not give assurance that the glass can withstand the designed load. Strength of glass relies on the load duration and environmental conditions; Fig 29.6 shows the strength-time relationship (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). The time to failure and applied stress relationship is expressed mathematically as à Ã†â€™nT= constant Where à Ã†â€™ is stress T is duration and n is a constant (ISE, 56). The value of n varies, and Sedlack (1995) as well as Pilkington Glass Consultants recommend n = 16 for design purposes. This equation suggests that loads applied at an exceedingly long duration will allow allowable stresses to decrease to insignificant values. However, in reality, this is not true (ISE, 56). Unlike steel that yields and flows when locally overstressed, glass breaks when it is overstressed. For that reason, it is vital that the designer attempts to eradicate possible design features that may result in stress concentrations. Such as bolted glass has been developed in such a way that, stress concentrations are avoided around the bolts; this attention to detail cannot be readily detected (ISE, 58). To avoid force being transmitted from glass to another material, as this causes stress concentrations to develop; soft setting blocks, fibre gaskets, and protective brushes have been implemented to limit this (ISE, 58). Glass is almost perfectly elastic, linear and is isotropi c, and is not subjected to fatigue (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 8). Glass only fails by brittle fracture, and cycling loading can cause the growth of cracks. Most materials have a fatigue limit, whereby there is stress amplitude where facture does not happen or fracture only happens after a great number of cycles (>108). Additionally, although many materials have a fatigue ratio, which is the ratio of the fatigue limit to yield strength, but since glass does not yield, this attribute is obsolete (ISE, 58). As glass fails in tension or by buckling, the highest tensile stresses that occur from applied loads should be considered when finding the elastic stability of glass element. Applied compressive stresses can cause tensile strains, but tensile strains can even occur as a result of the Poissons effect from compressive stresses (ISE, 60). Glass failure occurs when the tensile stress is equal or greater than the characteristic strength, which can be calculated using Eqn 29.5. The memb rane stress is constant across the thickness of the plate, whilst the bending stress can be taken as varying linearly. Thus, superimposing the membrane and bending stresses can determine the total stress on the glass (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). Furthermore, the deflection of glass elements is an important aspect to consider; and such behavioural patterns like toughened glass deflecting more than annealed glass (even when of the same strength) due to toughened glass being considerably thinner, should be taken into consideration (ISE, 56). Glass plates are typically thin so they demonstrate large displacements. The use of thin plate linear bending theory will produce incorrect results. Therefore, the large deflection theory should be used instead to calculate the maximum stress when checking stress against failure. Failure generally is taken to be at the point when the maximum tensile stress equals the glass fracture stress (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Glass can be quite sensitive to any impact and will result in fracture; the common causes of glass breakage are: Excessive stress form wind pressure or other loads Thermal stress due to differential temperature on different parts of the pane Buckling due to large compression Surface or edge damage Deep scratches or gouges Severe weld splatter Direct contact with metal (e.g. window aluminium frame) Impurities like nickel sulphide (NiS) Excessive deflection bringing glass in contact with other hard objects. (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29) Hence, the strength of glass relies on these aspects: the duration of the applied load, environmental conditions, humidity, size of the stressed area, the distribution of stresses across the stressed area, the condition of the surfaces and edges of the glass (ISE, 57). Prestressing glass, notably by heat-strengthened and toughened are the two basic types, enables the glass to maintain compression on the surface, therefore, eliminating crack propagation (ISE, 59). Survival probability of scratched glass loaded at a constant rate Eqn; Time dependence of glass strength Eqn Fig 5.4 Fig 5.5 Fig 5.6 The Different Types of Structural Glass Glass, itself, is highly susceptible to fracture, which results in a lot of shattered glass, and ultimately, health and safety implications. The fracture of glass stems from the surface flaws. Thus, the industry has developed various modification methods to achieve an increase in the practical strength of glass, by introducing local high compressive stresses near its surfaces (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). By common practice, these modifications are usually implemented on float glass. Tinted Glass Tinted glass is also known as heat-absorbing glass, and is produced by colorant being added to normal clear glass. Light transmittance varies depending on colour and thickness, with a range between 14 to 85%. As a result, tinted glass is not and heat-strengthened glass is typically used when making tinted glass (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Coated Glass Placing layers of coating onto a glass surface makes coated glass, and there are two types: the solar control (reflective) and the low emissivity types. Structural strength of coated glass is only indirectly affected when the thermal stress is altered, but coated glass is more associated with its energy absorption and light transmission attributes. Therefore, to prevent excessive thermal stress, heat-strengthened glass should be used to produce coated glass (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Wired Glass A common misperception is that wired glass is stronger than unmodified annealed glass, due to the wires being seen as reinforcement. However, the wires actually induce cracks and weaken the glass. Yet, wired glass is able to hold together upon being broken (ISE, 22). Wired glass is produced when a steel mesh is implemented onto the molten glass during the rolling process (the rolling portion of the flat glass process). It has a high rate of breakage due to sunlight, and hence is weak in resisting thermal stress. Although it is still weak in resisting thermal stress, polished wired glass is used for fire rating since after it breaks, it sticks to the wire mesh and prevents smoke passing. Figure 29.8 shows a damaged wired glass panel under sunlight (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Annealed Glass Annealed glass panels do not have any heat treatment (Chen; Lui, Ch.29); it is produced using the float process (as described previously) (ISE, 22). It is usually used when large glass panels need to be used, and it is too large for any heat treatment (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). The behaviour of annealed glass is typically perfectly elastic until fracture occurs. Upon fracture, large, sharp shards emerge which are dangerous. However, annealed glass panes do not spontaneously fracture, and due to alternate load paths across the glass pane, it may not fall out of its frame upon failure. Although there is no creep or fatigue in the metallurgical sense, slow crack growth occurs as a result of cyclical loading, whereby, if this glass is under permanent loading, the deformation increases with below 3% over a 50-year period. Imposed strains, such as bending and thermal stresses, as well as instant impact, causes elastic deformation resulting in brittle fracture of annealed glass (ISE, 22). Annealed glass is not very strong, so it is weak in thermal resistance. The allowable stress is approximately 15N/mm2 (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Fig 2.4 Fig 2.5 Fig 2.6 Heat-Strengthened Glass Heat-strengthened glass is created using a similar process to toughening, with the exceptions that there is a lower cooling rate (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 12) and the level of the produced prestress is lower. The fracture behaviour, however, is more akin to that of annealed glass rather than toughened (ISE, 24), with larger fragments than that of thermally toughened glass (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 12). The compressive surface stress for heat-strengthened glass lies in a range between 24 and 69N/mm2 and European Standards quote that the pattern of breakage ranges between 25 to 40N/mm2 (ISE, 24). Heat-strengthened glass is commonly used in laminated glass assemblies, but the nature of its large fracture pattern causes a significant remaining load-bearing capacity upon failure of the glass. The stress gradient depends on the thickness of the glass and as the glass must be cooled down gradually, thus, thick glasses (exceeding 12mm) cannot be heat-strengthened using the toughening p rocess (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 12). Laminated Glass Laminated glass is two or more glass panes bonded with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or resins, such as acrylic. The thickness of the interlayer varies between 0.4mm to 6mm. A disadvantage of laminated glass is the validity of composite action. Although usually only two layers are bonded, over 25 layers have been effectively bonded coming at 100mm thick. Laminates can integrate many thicknesses and arrangements to suit a certain requirement. Most importantly, many different types of structural glass can be arranged in the laminated formation, including toughened, annealed, heat-strengthened and bent glass for example. However, toughened and heat-strengthened glasses both cause small amplitude waves as a result of the rollers used in the process. This in turn, enhances the separation between the laminated glasses and ultimately the PVB is impractical. Therefore, resin laminating should be instead. When using a PVB interlayer, the sheets of glass have the PVB interjected bet ween them and then this sandwich travels through an oven of about 70oC, and then passes between rollers which squeeze out the excess air from the bonding. The laminated glass is then placed in an autoclave, heated at 140 oC and at a pressure of 0.8N/mm2. It is possible to manufacture laminated glass at a maximum of 6m by 3m. In resin laminating, the two principal resins are acrylic and polyester. The glass sheets are held together at a right distance apart using double-sided tape around the perimeter. The resin can then be poured in between the two sheets, and once the air has been extracted the open edge can be sealed, and the laminate is stored horizontally to allow the resin to cure and solidify. The curing occurs through UV light or chemical reaction. The size that can be manufactured using this method is dependable on available glass pane sizes (ISE, 24). The structural behaviour of the laminated glass varies, depending on the duration of the load. Hooper (1973) demonstrated that the duration of the loads affected the behaviour of the laminate. With short-term loads the laminate acted compositely, whilst with long-term loads, the load was shared between the two glass sheets, in proportion to their relative stiffnesss, as a result of the deformation of the interlayer (ISE, 24). To determine this behaviour, the deflection of the panel under a specific load should be measured and then compared to the deflection calculated using finite element software. This would allow for the equivalent thickness used in the software to be adjusted to give the same deflection measured, in order to determine the equivalent thickness of the laminated glass pane that should be used for optimum design (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). An increase in the temperature, results in the interlayer softening and a reduction in the composite behaviour. Laminated glass is highly valuable as it offers various performance benefits. For instance, if one or both of the layers are impacted and breaks, the interlayer prevents penetration and allows any broken glass to stay bonded to the interlayer. Additionally, an increase in the thickness of the interlayer increases the penetration resistance of the glass (ISE, 24). Fig 29.9 Displays laminated glass behaviour once broken (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Toughened Glass Chemically Toughened Glass: Chemically toughened glass implements the principle of a compressive surface layer preventing crack propagation, where the compressive layer is a result from an ion exchange process. Therefore, flat glass that contains sodium ions is immersed in a molten salt bath (electrolysis baths (ISE, 23)), of potassium nitrate. As the temperature of the molten salt is insufficient to permit structural relaxation, the potassium ions force themselves into the sodium sites, consequently, putting the surface under compression (Clare, Ch.23). Although it is an advantage that unlike thermal toughening, thinner glass sheets can be toughened, it results in thinner compressive layers, which are less robust than the thicker layer created through thermal toughening (ISE, 23). Also, the strength of glass can be increased by ten times depending on glass composition (Clare, Ch.23). Thermally Toughened Glass: Thermal toughening of glass is achieved by heating annealed (float) glass plate to about 620-650oC, whereby it begins to soften at this point (ISE, 23). The outer surfaces are then cooled rapidly by cooled air blasts, and the exterior layers quickly cooled and contracted. A thin layer of high compress stress the surface occurs, with a region of tensile stress at the centre of the glass (Fig 29.7). The parabola represents the stress distribution across the thickness of the glass pate, which is also in self-equilibrium. The physical properties of the particular glass used and the geometric shape of the glass governs the exact shape of the curve. Toughened glass has a bending strength is three to five times

Venus :: essays research papers

Venus is the second planet from the sun and the sixth largest. Venus’ orbit is the most circular of any planet, with an eccentricy of less than 1%. Venus, perhaps because it is the brightest of planets known to the ancients, Is named after the Greek goddess of love and beauty. The planet of Venus has been known since prehistoric times and is the brightest object in the sky with the exception of the sun and the moon. Venus’ rotation is somewhat unusual in that it is both very slow ( 243 Earth days per Venus day) and retrograde. In addition, the periods of Venus’ rotation and of its orbit are synchronized such that it always presents the same face toward Earth when the two planets are at their closest approach. The pressure of the planet’s atmosphere at the surface is 90 atmospheres and is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. There are several layers of clouds which are many kilometers thick and composed of sulfuric acid. This dense atmosphere produces a run-away greenhouse effect that raises Venus’ surface temperature by about 400 degrees to over 740 K. The planet of Venus is often regarded as Earth’s sister planet, in some ways they are very similar. For example, Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth (95% of Earth’s diameter, 80% of Earth’s mass.) Both have few craters indicating relatively young surfaces. Their densities and chemical compositions are also similar. Because of these similarities, it was once thought that below it’s dense clouds, Venus might be very earthlike, perhaps to the point of containing life. However, a more detailed study of Venus revealed that many aspects of Venus’ atmosphere was much different from that of Earth. There are no small craters on Venus. It appears that small meteoroids burn up in Venus’ dense atmosphere before reaching the surface. Craters on Venus seem to come in bunches indicating that the large meteoroids that do reach the surface usually break up in the atmosphere. The oldest terrains on Venus seem to be about 800 million years old. Extensive volcanisms at the time wiped out the earlier surface including any large craters from early Venus’ history. The interior of Venus is probably very similar to that of Earth. It consists of an iron core about 3000 km in radius, a molten rocky mantle comprising the majority of the planet. Venus probably once had large

Book Report on A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells Essay -- Modern Utopia W

Book Report on A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells H. G. Wells’ book, A Modern Utopia was published in 1905. This book seems to be unique for two reasons. As Wells tells us, it is told from the point of view of "a whitish plump man" that he calls the "Voice" (1). This allows the book to be what Wells calls, "a sort of shot-silk texture between philosophical discussion on the one hand and imaginative narrative on the other" because the Utopia that we visit in the story is the one inside the mind of the "Voice" or the narrator (ix). He (the Voice) is talking to a friend, a botanist that continues with him on his journeys, about utopian thought when suddenly these two men have been transported past Sirius to Utopia, the Voice’s ideal planet that is exactly the mirror of Earth, from geology to each individual person. Sometimes the narrator describes what is actually going on around them, what they are actually doing in Utopia, but more often he talks about what he thinks Utopia should be like, and the reader must interpret this as how this Utopia is, since this Utopia itself is in his imagination. The plot is this: the two men find themselves on this new planet by a feat of imagination. They find a coin on the ground, which pays for the inn at which they stay for a few nights. They speak to a man who dislikes the government and prefers Nature and simplicity. Because they are running out of money, the two men go to the Public Office to try and find work, where they are fingerprinted. The fingerprints surprisingly identify an existing citizen of Utopia, the record of the men’s duplicate. Because of the confusion, the men are shipped to a toy-carving factory in Lucerne, where, because the authorities figure out that they have doubles... ...es not appear in any utopian visions of the ancients, and thus marks this world different from those of antiquity. This brings up an interesting question; since this world is based on capitalism, is it attainable from our present capitalist society? Why or Why not? Is it possible to have a capitalist utopia? The Voice’s double argues that wealth is not power. Is this true? Could it be true under different circumstances? This Utopia is also a global, World State. Is this feasible? Is this necessary? This Utopia proclaims itself imperfect. Is this an oxymoron? Is a society that admits room for improvement a Utopia? The ruling class of this Utopia, the Samurai, is a voluntary ruling class. What problems would this involve? What problems would it solve? Works Cited Wells, H. G. A Modern Utopia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.

Gideon vs. Wainwright :: essays research papers

Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested in 1961 and charged with breaking and entering a pool hall with intent to commit theft, by taking money out of vending machines. What he did at the time was considered a felony. When it came time to have the trial he did not have enough money for a lawyer and asked that one be appointed to defend him. The judge denied the request saying that under Florida state law counsel can be appointed only in a capital offense. Since Gideon didn’t have a lawyer and was not educated to defend himself he lost easily to the prosecution. Gideon was then sentenced to five years in prison. He then filed out a writ of certiorari, which is a petition of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States asking for them to review his case. The Court granted Gideon's request and appointed Abe Fortas to represent him as his lawyer. This was a very controversial issue, because the court faced the decision of whether to go with the laws that the forefathers had come up with or grant people right to counsel so that the truth can be brought out. The issue was whether the state of Florida violated Gideon's Sixth Amendment right to counsel, made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, because they did not provide him with the assistance of counsel for his criminal defense. The Court ruled unanimously in Gideon's favor and held that the Fourteenth Amendment included state as well as federal defendants. The Court said that all states must provide an attorney in all felony and capital cases for people who cannot afford one. Through the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause, the Sixth Amendment guarantee of the right to counsel applies to the states. Gideon won his case and took the groundbreaking step in public defense lawyers being there for people that cannot afford a lawyer of their own.

Principles and Practices of Management

Ques1: Management is what Management does. Justify the statement and explain.Ans:MEANING OF MANAGEMENT‘Management is the executive function that concerns itself with the carrying out of the administrative policies laid down by administration. Management directs the active operations within the enterprise and combines the work of the employees with the available capital equipment and materials to produce an acceptable product. Management also markets the product or service according to the broad policies established by administration. â€Å"The Management also functions, in carrying out the policies of administration, expand as the lower levels of supervision are reached while the administrative function decreases in importance†.Management is what Management DoesThree different steps involved in it. Viz. (1) Formation of policy and its translation into plans; (2) Execution and implementation of plans; and (3) Exercising administrative control over the plans.These three es sential tasks of management may be titled as ‘Planning', Implementing' and ‘Controlling'. According to Dr. James Lundy -â€Å"Management is principally a task of planning, co-coordinating, motivating and controlling the efforts of others toward a specific objective. It involves the combining of the traditional factors of production (land, labor and capital) in an optimum manner, paying due attention, of course, to the particular goals of the organization. This definition broadens the scope of management and includes within its orbit, three major management activities  viz. (a) Planning; (b) Implementing, and (c) Controlling.Planning is the determination of the course of objectives of a business, division or department to achieve maximum profit effectiveness, the establishment of policies and the continuous seeking and finding of new ways to do things. Implementing applies to the doing phases.After plans have been prepared, personnel must be selected and assigned then- jobs; they must be trained and motivated to perform properly. Activities must be implemented in terms of the plans initially developed. This may include selecting personnel,  training personnel,   motivating personnel,  delegation, direction and   co-ordinatingControlling refers to the evaluation of the performance of those who are responsible for executing the plans agreed upon. This may include: (i) controlling adherence to plans, and (ii) appraising performance.Characteristics of Management1. Management is that important process the principal elements of which are planning, implementing and controlling.2. Management is an endeavor to achieve the pre-determined objectives.3. For the achievement of the enterprise-goals, management plans, organizes, co-ordinates, directs and controls the group-efforts and hence a group activity.4. Management aims at reaping rich results in economic terms. Management carries with it a major responsibility for creative action. It is no longer considered as passive or a mere adjustment of resources.5. Management also implied skill and experience in getting things done through people. Getting the suitable types of people to execute the operations is the significant aspect of management.6. Management is a science as also an art. As there are definite principles in management, it is an art. Further, it is also a science because by the  application of these principles predetermined objectives can be achieved.7. Management is also gradually becoming a profession like other recognized professions.8. The principles of management have universal application. They are not the monopoly of industry alone, but can be applied in any sphere where group effort is required.9. Although management is a scientific method of getting things done through and with the people, yet the identity of the ‘Thinkers' is quite different from the identity of the ‘Doers'.10. Management is needed at different levels of an organization.11. Ma nagement uses organization for achieving the objectives determined by administration.12. It is not necessary that those who manage may also be the owners of the enterprise.13. Principles of Management are dynamic and not static.Ques 2: Explain the Principles of Management.Ans:MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLESManagerial functions are based on certain principles. Principle is a fundamental truth, which establishes cause, and effect relationship of a function, and theory is a systematic grouping of interrelated principles. The principles of management have a tremendous impact upon the practice of management in increasing the efficiency of the organization. The needs and importance of management principles can be visualized as follows:1. To Increase Efficiency. The established principles of management provide managers guidelines as how they should work in different situations. These principles increase managerial efficiency. Though, there is a serious limitation of management principles, that is, t hese have to be modified according to situations as these deal with human beings of diverse nature, these enable a manager to understand the different situation in a better way and save him from costly trial-and-error method.2. To Crystallize the Nature of Management. Lack of understanding of management principles makes it difficult to analyze the management job and  to define the exact scope of managerial functions. Thus, individuals cannot be trained effectively for managerial positions.3. To Carry on Researches. If in any subject certain fundamental principles are developed, the scope and limitations defined, these become the basis for future researches. In the absence of these principles, researches become difficult and future horizons of knowledge cannot be expanded. The recent emphasis on management researches has increased the quantum to knowledge in this field.4. To attain Social Objectives. Management itself is part of the society and it takes the inputs from the society and gives the output to the society. Thus, the standards of the society depend upon the quality of the management. If the management is efficient, the resources of the society are better utilized thereby giving more satisfaction to the society and improving the quality of life of people. In this context, management principles play an important role.Thus, the understanding of management principles enables managers to take a more realistic view of organizational problems and their solution. Management deals with people in the organization, and the structure and behavior of the atom are less complex than the structure and behavior of groups of people. To direct the human behavior for objective achievement, some principles are certainly required.Development of management principles would definitely have an impact on the cultural level of society by increasing efficiency in the use of human as well as material resources. However, managers, while using management principles in practice, s hould check their validity and applicability before use. For this reason, they should be aware of the fundamental nature of management principles.Nature of Management PrinciplesThe following basic nature of management principles should be kept in mind:1. Universality of Principles. Henry Fayol has emphasized that management  principles are universal. These can be applied in different organizations – business, government, hospital, military, etc. The basic task before every human organization is to get the desired results through integrated human efforts. Thus, the managers of different managerial levels may use the principles with equal utility. This shows the flexibility of a manager to handle different departments of an organization or the functions of different organizations.2. Dynamic Nature of Principles. Management principles are flexible in nature and change with the changes in the environment in which an organization exists. Others are replacing many of the golden p rinciples of management, which were thought to be very useful at one time, because of changes in the society. Continuous researchers are being carried on to establish principles in the changing society and no principles can be regarded as a final truth. Nothing is permanent in the landslide of management.3. Relative, Not Absolute Principles. Management principles are relative, not absolute and they should be applied according to the need of the organization. Organizations differ in respect of place, time, social, culture, etc. Moreover, individuals working in the same organization also differ. Thus, a particular management principle has different strength in different conditions and the principle should be modified or replaced by another.4. Limitations Due to Human Nature. Management involves the direction of human behavior in the organization. It is also related with other human factors- suppliers, customers, owners, government, etc. The complex nature of human behavior has conside rably affected the progress of management principles. The principles of other disciplines dealing with human nature such as psychology, sociology, anthropology should also be taken into account.Ques 5: Explain the features of an open door organization.Ans:Organization provides the structure, the frame on which rests the management of the enterprise. Like all structures, it upholds the management functions, in their totality and interrelationship, aiding their movement to the appointed goal.PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATIONThere are certain basic principles of an organization structure are :(i) It should reflect adequately a virile awareness of the dynamic goal of the enterprise.(ii) It should reflect adequate decentralization(iii) The unity of command and line of responsibility should be clear.(iv) The channel of communication should be free, easy and logical.(v) The span of control should be legitimate (not too wide nor too narrow) without split in the line of control.(vi) The functional levels in the Organization chart should be armed with proper (-delegated) authority, matching their task and responsibility.(vii) The levels in the Chart (the nodes in the Organization net) should represent homogenous cohesive units of functions.(viii) The Chart should avoid overlapping of functions and authority.(ix) The channels of communication-vertically and horizontally-should be well laid out.(x) The functional aims of the departments (branches) at different levels should be drawn up and reflected with precision.(xi) The hierarchical position of the staff functional levels and their structural relationship with the line management levels should be stated without ambiguity.The organizational tree like structure has properties of a living organism. As the branches of a tree stem from the trunk and the twigs spring from the branches, and every branch and twig draw succor from the roots of the main tree, so in an enterprise the Chief Executive is the main spring of leadership. The other levels provide the feedback and the reciprocal team support. The process is a two-way one.ORGANIZATION DYNAMICS – CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMSManagement is a system; organization is the frame that upholds the system. Enterprise organization must share these features, which are common to all living units. It must be responsive to impulses, both within its own system and from the wider social system outside. A common hazard (and experience) in an organizational set up is that it tends to degenerate into a stereotype- a stale, repetitive, dead process losing the quality of life. Divide organizational into two types:(a) open door organization,(b) closed door organization.An open door organization is one that incorporates the mechanism of change. The business situation and the problems that confront a manager are in a state of flux.Features of an Open Door Organization(1) An open door organization is task oriented. The accountability is clearly defined.(2) The authority (within the related functional area) is also absolute (or nearly so) matching the absolute character of the accountability.(3) Consultations are minimum and are not compulsive; the executive is free to consult and communicate (or otherwise) so long as he performs and delivers the objective.(4) Rules and procedures exist but only as guides- the executives (within their sphere of responsibilities) having wide freedom of discretion to depart from the rules within the periphery of the broad corporate policies.(5) The accountability is clear-cut; objective is verifiable- in terms of cost, output target, time and profit. The means are (relatively) unimportant so long as the end is achieved.(6) The managerial behavior is highly flexible bending with lithe suppleness to the internal shifts in conditions and external maneuvers of the environmental zone of contract.Ques6. Explain the different approaches to leadership and its role in management.Ans:Leadership is interpersonal influence exercised in a situation and directed, through the communication process toward the attainment of a specialized goal or goals (emphasis ours). In the terms of Harold Koontz, leadership is influencing people to follow the achievement of a common goal. The two common elements in all these perceptions of leadership are:(i) Influencing People(ii) To pursue a common goal.The Trait ApproachTraits are innate, inherent personal qualities. It follows that (by this approach) if a leader is seen to possess certain traits, his leadership index can be read (almost) off a leadership meter. Three necessary and sufficient conditions which must be satisfied if traits should be unique determinants of the leadership index. These may be summarized thus:(i) The trait quality should follow a descending order as one traverses from the highest (top executives in leadership position) to the lowest (employees) levels of the enterprise system.(ii) There must be a high correlation between the level of a manager's traits and the level of his success.(iii) The correlation between success (achievement) and traits should be higher as one goes up the management hierarchy from bottom (employees) level upward to top executive levels.Common elements of leadership as observed from different surveys and investigations are:(a) Intelligence. (b) Confidence. (c) Initiative. (d) Urge for achievement. (e) Strong power need.Attitude Criterion Approach to LeadershipThe leader-attitude approach to leadership studies registers and appraises the variables in terms of attitudes (orientation to or concern from) conditioning leadership behavior and effectiveness. Studies defined two variables (attitudes) which were termed employees orientation and production orientation. A parallel set of concepts was evolved by Darwin as a result of a number of research studies. They identified the aim of a group as a composite of two elements (group dynamics).(i) Achieving a group goal.(ii) Service of the group itself.The goal-oriented ma nager will set tasks, improve techniques and productivity and structure his activities toward the group goal. The manager, on the other hand, who concentrates on group service and group maintenance, will be relations oriented, with concern for people, cultivating popular participation, fostering and trusting informal group behaviour, trustful and communicative.Still another parallel concept may be observed under what may be styled Authoritarian Democratic behaviour tapering off into the laissez faire leadership style. In terms of the group dynamics phraseology (discussed above), authoritarian leader style is set parallel to achieving the group goal as against group maintenance or service which approximates to the democratic leader style. The authoritarian leader will decide and tell his followers what to do; the democratic leaders will opt for a participative style of decision making.

Metamorphosis” and “A Rose for Emily Essay

The tone, setting, and characters of Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The metamorphosis† can be seen as similar to those aspects in William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † In both of these stories, there are two different people who are living their lives very much alike, and they both die all alone. The tone of â€Å"Metamorphosis† is similar to the tone of â€Å"A Rose for Emily. †Gregor and Miss Emily are both isolated and alienated. The narrator says that Gregor has an â€Å"exhausting profession† as a traveling salesman. Gregor rides on a train all of the time for his work. He meets new people, but he has no affection for them. Gregor does not spend a lot of time with his family. The narrator is showing that Gregor is isolated and feels alienated from his family because he is working all the time to support his family. The narrator shows this by the other salesmen that Gregor sees at the â€Å"pension† having breakfast. Gregor states that he would â€Å"like to see what would happen if he were to try that out with his director sometime. † The narrator is implying that Gregor wants to be like the other salesman but he cannot because his boss would not allow it. Gregor always keeps his door locked whether he is traveling or at home. The narrator states, that Gregor uses â€Å"precaution† by â€Å"locking every door at night,† regardless if he is at â€Å"home or traveling. † The narrator says that Gregor’s father gave him a â€Å"truly liberating kick† back into his room and â€Å"Battered shut† the door with his cane. â€Å"Raindrops could be heard plunking against the tin window-ledges made Gregor quite melancholy. † The word â€Å"melancholy† denotes sadness or depression of sprits; gloom. Then when he wakes up as a cockroach, he is locked in his room. Gregor is isolated from his dad, mom, and sister Grete because they locked him in his bedroom at the end of the story. Miss Emily chooses to isolate herself from the townspeople by shutting her door and not let anyone in for long â€Å"periods of time. † She is alienated because her father was so strict about whom she could date, and this affected her as she got older. The narrator states, â€Å"We remember all the young men her father had driven away, and we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will. † The narrator says, â€Å"And that was the last we saw of Miss Emily for some time. The Negro man went in and out with the market basket, but the front door remained closed. Now and then we would see her at a window for a moment, as the men did that night when they sprinkled the lime, but for almost six months she did not appear on the streets. † The narrator states that the townspeople expected this of Miss Emily by saying, â€Å"Then we knew that this was to be expected too; as if that quality of her father which had thwarted her woman’s life so many times had been too virulent and too furious to die. † The townspeople isolate Miss Emily because she dates Homer Barron, a Yankee who is a day laborer. The narrator says, â€Å"Poor Emily, she carried her head high enough-even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. † The narrator is saying that Miss Emily, being of a prominent family, has behavior that is abnormal for southern people, and that she is â€Å"reaffirm her imperviousness. † The denotation of â€Å"imperviousness† is not capable of being affected or disturbed. The narrator is saying that Miss Emily is not affected by what the townspeople think of her. In reality, she is affected by this because she isolates herself from the townspeople. The setting of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is similar to the setting of â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † Kafka describes the setting in â€Å"The Metamorphosis† as most of the action takes place in Gregor’s bedroom. Gregor lives with his father, mother and sister in a large apartment in the city. From Gregor’s bedroom window he sees a busy street and a hospital across the street. But as the story goes on, his vision gets â€Å"fuzzier,† he might think that he lives in a â€Å"wasteland where the grey sky merges indistinguishably with the grey earth. † The narrator states that Gregor’s bedroom is dirty and dusty. No one goes in and cleans it anymore after the family locks Gregor in his room the last time. Then he dies there in his bedroom all alone. At the end of the story Gregor’s father, mother and sister take a carriage out to the country and the sun is shining brightly. In the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the narrator describes the setting taking place at Miss Emily’s â€Å"big, squarish framed house† that sets on a â€Å"select street† in Jefferson. The outside of the house is â€Å"decorated with cupolas, spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies. †There was opening to a cellar where the â€Å"Board of Aldermen;† there are four them, they sprinkle lime to take care of the â€Å"smell of the house† after Miss Emily’s father died. The house is old and run down; for this reason, the narrator calls it is an â€Å"eyesore, among eyesores. † Unlike Gregor, the townspeople gave Miss Emily a funeral, which takes place at her house. The narrator states that the â€Å"funeral on the second day, with the town coming to look at Miss Emily beneath a mass of bought flowers, with the crayon face of her father† a picture she had painted about the bier and â€Å"the ladies sibilant and macabre: and the very old men-some in their brushed Confederate uniforms-on the porch and the law, talking of Miss Emily as if she had been a contemporary of theirs, believing that they had danced with her and courted her perhaps confusing time with it mathematical progression, as the old do to who all the past is not a diminishing road, but instead a hug meadow which no winter ever quite touches, divide from them now by the narrow bottleneck of the most recent decade of years. † The narrator states that there is â€Å"one room upstairs which no one had seen in forty year,† and which would have to be forced open. They waited until Miss Emily was in the ground before opening the room upstairs. This room was like a â₠¬Å"tomb† just like Gregor’s bedroom that he died in. The narrator describes the room as it is filled with â€Å"pervading dust. A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal. † Then the narrator says that they found a â€Å"man himself lay in the bed† and â€Å"what was left of him, rotted beneath what, was left of the nightshirt. † Then they â€Å"notice on the second pillow was the indentation of a head† and â€Å"a long strand of iron-gray hair. † The character of Gregor in â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is similar to the character of Miss Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† because they are both isolated, both don’t communicate, and both die alone. The narrator states at the beginning of the story, Gregor is busy working all the time as traveling salesman, to support the family. Because of his work he does not communicate with his family. He is also isolated because; he wakes up as cockroach, He doesn’t speak human language now so he can’t communicate with his family or work. The narrator explains if Gregor â€Å"had been able to speak to his sister and to thank her for everything she had to do for him, he would have found it a little easier to submit to her ministration; but, as it was, he suffered from them. † He is also, isolated because his family keeps driving him back into his room. The narrator illustrates this in the beginning of the story by â€Å"his father was moving forward implacably, emitting hissing sounds like a savage. Gregor had no practice in moving backwards, and he was moving, it had to be said, extremely slowly. If he had been able to turn round, he would have been back in his room in little or no time, but he was afraid lest the delay incurred in turning around would make his father impatient. And at any monument the stick in his father’s hand threatened to strike him a fatal blow to the back of the head. † Miss Emily is isolated likewise, she very seldom goes out of her house, and the townspeople rarely come to visit Miss Emily and she does talk to them at times. The narrator states, â€Å"From that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period of six or seven years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china painting. Gregor and Miss Emily both die alone. Gregor at the end of the story; comes out of his room for the last time, scares all the people there. Now he feels bad for what he did, and he returns back to his bedroom. He has not eaten for days now and he lays there on the floor and dies all alone. The narrator points this out by saying, â€Å"He remained in this condition of empty and peaceful reflection until the church clock struck three a. m. The last thing he saw was the sky gradually lightening outside his window. Then his head involuntarily dropped, and his final breath passed feebly from his nostrils. † Miss Emily dies alone in alike manner as Gregor did. The narrator indicates this in the beginning of the story and he says, â€Å"The women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man-servant-a combined gardener and cook-had seen in at least ten years. † Therefore, in the story of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Kafka demonstrates a sad story of how a man became a cockroach for no known reason. He demonstrations how badly his family treated him after he became a cockroach. Now his family alienated and isolated him by locking him into his room and leaving him to die all alone. Then, they took a trip out to see the county because they did not have the burden of Gregor anymore. This is like they were celebrating his death. How strange is that? In the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Faulkner demonstrations a sad story of how a southern woman’s raising by a strict father causes her to be alienated for the rest of her life. He shows this by going back and forth in time with how the townspeople isolated and alienated Miss Emily at different stages of life. Then when she dies all alone, the townspeople are there because they want to look at the room, which had been locked up for about forty years. Faulkner leaves the townspeople with the thought that Miss Emily had been laying in the bed with a corpse and with her irony-gray hair left for them to see. How crazy is that to lay in the bed with a corpse?